Climatic and Ecological Change in the Americas
Climate change and related anthropogenic influences are increasingly apparent worldwide, as reflected by mounting scientific evidence and peoples’ local experiences. The effects of Earth’s changing climate are being experienced at unprecedented scales and across varying landscapes and bioregions. Theseimpacts include acute shifts and changes in local food production and global supply chains, escalating disaster and mitigation efforts, and increased emergency health concerns. While climate change is a global phenomenon, the 2022 IPCC assessment report has underscored the importance of understanding and mitigating regional impacts, adaptations, and vulnerabilities. Included in the report, and noted elsewhere, are the rippling impacts of climate change on peoples’ lived experiences, livelihoods, and homelands, which are most apparent at local scales (Batterbury 2008; Wolverton et al. 2014). In the last two decades, there has been increased attention on Indigenous and local populations whose livelihoods and subsistence practices are closely tied to their landscapes. People are often keenly aware of local effects from climate change, such as altered weather patterns, seasonal irregularities, melting glaciers, flooding and drought, and other challenges that impact their communities and livelihoods. Climate change impacts are also exacerbated in communities where excessive resource extraction and colonial legacies have increased vulnerability to punctuated changes (Douglass and Cooper 2020). Despite this, Indigenous and local peoples disproportionately manage some of the most biologically diverse and intact landscapes on earth (Garnett et al. 2018; Fa et al. 2020). Responses to climate change challenges have drawn on longstanding (e.g., centennial and millennial) experiences with climatic variability, shifts in fluctuating social–ecological relations, and responses to ecological imperialism and colonization (Adamson et al. 2018; Kaptijn 2018). Such strategies include intensive land-based monitoring (Salick and Ross 2009), continued implementation of traditional ecological knowledge and management systems (Gómez-Baggethun et al. 2013; Pearce et al. 2015), carbon-negative livelihoods (Walker et al. 2020), and the co-production of knowledge with climate scientists (Riseth et al. 2011; Reyes-Garcia et al. 2019).
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