The elvoving doughnut
The concept and visualisation of the Doughnut draws inspiration from several earlier frameworks, in
particular:
Empty World and Full World Herman Daly’s 1973 diagram contrasts two economies that are small and large in relation to Earth’s ecological carrying capacity. This visualisation invites a paradigm
shift: from assuming that an economy can grow endlessly to recognising that it is a subsystem of the
living world and is therefore bounded by it. This recognition signals the importance of ensuring that all
economic activity remains within the capacity of Earth’s life-supporting systems.
Environmental Space
The concept of Environmental Space, created by the economist Horst Siebert in 1982 and popularised by
Friends of the Earth Netherlands in 1993, aimed to establish and quantify equal rights to resource consumption for all people within the carrying capacity of the planet. It depicts a zone of resource use that lies within the maximum that is possible without exceeding Earth’s carrying capacity (echoing the circle in Daly’s diagram), but it also adds the minimum level of resource use deemed necessary to ensure a decent quality of life for all. In combining these, it depicts a space for resource use that meets people’s needs within the capacity of the planet.
Planetary Boundaries
The Planetary Boundaries framework, first published in 2009 by a group of 28 Earth-system scientists, led by Johan Rockström and Will Steffen, brings quantification to Daly’s circle of Earth’s carrying capacity. The scientists identified 9 critical Earth-system processes that, together, regulate Earth’s ability to maintain the
stable conditions experienced over the last 12,000 years during the Holocene epoch. For each of these 9 processes they sought to determine how much pressure it can safely bear before that stability is put in
jeopardy, and to contrast that level with the current extent of pressure on the planet.
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