Climate change governance at the subnational government level in Asia and the Pacific
This report takes stock of climate change governance at the subnational level in Asia and the Pacific,
noting key initiatives, challenges, and enabling factors. It encompasses efforts related to mitigation
(reducing carbon dioxide emissions and achieving decarbonization) and adaptation to bakedin impacts of past action and inaction. Subnational governments are varied in their scale, roles, and resources, but as a group they are increasingly acknowledged as important actors in climate governance. This is particularly the case for city governments the focus of much research and support from development partners.
Smaller and rural governments have yet to build a similar profile but are also becoming increasingly proactive. Subnational government (SNG) success in climate change actions, particularly in institutional approaches (governance), is enabled by many factors, with salient ones captured under the rubric of multilevel governance; the linkages between levels of government are critical to fashioning a coherent response to the climate change challenges of both local and national scale. At the national level, these linkages are well captured by the components of fiscal decentralization that describe intergovernmental arrangements that seek to empower SNGs in discharging their roles and functions and in achieving important national goals. In addition, there are important linkages between SNGs and international/global institutions and networks that can add resources and facilitation to the local efforts of SNGs. While data on these initiatives and relationships are still scarce, it is worthwhile to take stock of what is readily discernible to determine the directions being taken and the support most needed at this stage.
This stocktaking report is a desk study that scans the literature pertinent to the Asia and the Pacific
and other countries where some comparison is warranted, principally Organization for Economic
Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries where climate change action has been better
tracked and assessed. Within Asia and the Pacific, the report draws considerably on the experiences of
the Asian Development Bank (ADB), an institution that has provided financing and technical
support to various aspects of multilevel governance in its developing member countries fiscal
decentralization, climate change assessments, and climate change-resilient infrastructure being
salient. Some of the illustrations are drawn from ADB’s financing and technical assistance. ADB
funded this study to discover how SNGs can best be supported in undertaking climate change
governance in Asia and the Pacific with its interventions and those of other stakeholders.
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