Revising smart cities with regenerative design

The Smart City concept has gained traction and support throughout the world and is now considered as a global phenomenon. The concept only started around 1997, as advanced by Graham and Aurigi (1997). Before this, scientists and engineers from different parts of the world are documented to have only been simulating virtual cities, mirroring most of the concepts known to be associated with today’s Smart
City concepts. An thopoulos (2017) supports that this drive to run simulations to further explore alternative solutions was driven by factors like lack of green spaces, violence and insecurity and perceived reduced civil interactions, among others. Such simulation of virtual cities was enabled by the World Wide Web (WWW) and the spread of Internet such that people could make use of devices to interact virtually. Those advances, through the virtual city concept, helped to steer transformation toward a digitally oriented city, as advanced by van den Besselaar and Beckers (1998), and unlike the virtual city, it was seen to promote the need for space to enable social and human interaction, and since the idea was actualized via the Internet, it provided the opportunity for an increased interaction beyond the limitations of physical locality. The virtual and digital city concepts were furthered with the integration of urban management centres in the form of digital platforms for local administration and for citizens to interact, especially for information collection and sharing. Anthopoulos (2017) suggests that promoters of these two concepts
that are akin to today’s Smart Cities perceived urban spaces as interlinked ‘islands of communities’ that provided those living in them the opportunities to beneft from services and information accessed via the Internet. Ishida (2017) suggests that the concept of digital city was launched in Kyoto in 1998 and provided the opportunity for human interactions to be captured via cameras and simulations that were projected in the form of animations resulting in 2D and 3D virtual spaces.

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