Strategies for cooling Singapore
Strategies for Cooling Singapore: A Catalogue of 80+ Measures to Mitigate Urban Heat Island and Improve Outdoor Thermal Comfort,” is a foundational report from the Cooling Singapore research project (initiated in 2017).
Led by Lea A. Ruefenacht and Juan A. Acero, this catalogue serves as a comprehensive toolkit for policymakers, urban planners, and architects. It identifies 86 specific measures tailored for tropical, high-density environments like Singapore.
The 7 Strategic Clusters
The measures are organized into seven distinct categories, balancing “passive” design (preventing heat) with “active” interventions (removing heat).
| Cluster | Key Focus Areas |
| Vegetation | Green roofs/walls, vertical greenery, sky gardens, and “green corridors” to facilitate air movement and provide evapotranspiration. |
| Urban Geometry | Optimizing building height variation, orientation, and “breezeways” to enhance wind flow and reduce heat trapping in street canyons. |
| Water Features | Using lakes, ponds, wetlands, and fountains as “cool sinks” that absorb heat and lower ambient temperatures through evaporation. |
| Materials & Surfaces | Cool paints/coatings with high solar reflectance (albedo), permeable pavements, and specialized building materials that resist heat retention. |
| Shading | Fixed and movable shading structures, building overhangs, and prioritized shaded pathways for pedestrians and cyclists. |
| Transport | Reducing “anthropogenic heat” by transitioning to electric vehicles, improving public transit, and promoting active mobility (walking/cycling). |
| Energy | Reducing heat exhaust from air conditioning units, implementing district cooling systems, and improving building energy efficiency. |
Key Concepts in the Catalogue
The report evaluates each measure based on two primary metrics:
- Urban Heat Island (UHI) Mitigation: Its ability to reduce the temperature difference between the city and its rural surroundings.
- Outdoor Thermal Comfort (OTC): How the measure improves the actual sensation of heat for a person walking on the street (often measured via the Universal Thermal Climate Index or PET).
Practical Impact
This research led to the development of the Digital Urban Climate Twin (DUCT), a sophisticated simulation tool that allows planners to “test” these 86 measures in a virtual version of Singapore before implementing them in the real world.
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