Handbook for livable and resilient cities integrating hazard and risk information into urban planning
Rapid urbanization in cities worldwide has led to significant environmental, social, and economic challenges. These include heightened exposure to extreme weather and climate events, increased air and water pollution, rising poverty levels, shrinking green spaces, and greater risks to lives, livelihoods, and assets from natural hazards, disasters, and climate shocks. As these risks intensify, national and local governments must work together to improve urban livability and resilience through risk-informed urban planning. In this handbook, livable and resilient cities are defined as urban areas and their surroundings, where green urban growth, social inclusion, resilient built environments, and shared prosperity are promoted. The focus is on preventing and reducing the impacts of natural hazards and risks and the effects of climate change. In a livable and resilient city, planned and sustainable growth ensures people have access to healthy environments, affordable housing, basic services, jobs, and low-carbon transportation and economic opportunities. Projections show that by 2050, two-thirds of the global population around 7 billion people will be living in cities (Ritchie et al. 2024). Meanwhile, urban areas are experiencing rising social, environmental, and economic losses linked to disasters. Climate change and multihazard interactions are contributing to more frequent, intense, and complex events, causing compounding and cascading impacts that disrupt urban systems and urban life.
Urbanization and risk are closely intertwined. As cities grow often rapidly and informally urban expansion
transforms land use, disrupts natural ecosystems, and concentrates people, assets, and infrastructure in
hazard-prone areas. Inadequate planning, weak enforcement of regulations, and inequitable access to
services heighten exposure and vulnerability to existing and emerging hazards. Urban development itself
can generate new risks, such as surface water flooding from impervious surfaces or landslides on destabilized slopes. These processes, intensified by climate change and deep-rooted socioeconomic inequalities, are fueling a hazardous buildup of risk in cities worldwide.
Climate change is affecting the frequency, intensity, and impacts of hydrometeorological and climatological hazards, such as cyclones and storms, floods, rainfall-triggered landslides, droughts, and heat waves. Altered precipitation patterns disturb the availability of water resources and affect ecosystems, food production, and water supply. Global warming is leading to sea-level rise, increasing the vulnerability of coastal cities to storm surges, coastal inundation, and saltwater intrusion into freshwater resources. Climate models project further increases in average temperatures, heat waves, and extreme rainfall events (Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research 2023). The number of weather- and climate-related disasters more than doubled over the past 40 years (Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters and United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction 2019). Under projected climate and development trends, river flood damage is expected to rise dramatically, potentially increasing by a factor of 20 by the end of the century unless mitigated (Winsemius et al. 2016).
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