Yearbook of global climate action 2025

The 30th session of the Conference of the Parties (COP 30) of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), to be held in Belém, Brazil, from 10 to 21 November 2025, marks the 10-year anniversary of the adoption of the Paris Agreement, a landmark achievement in multilateral cooperation towards tackling the climate crisis.
Much has advanced in the past decade in addressing this challenge, but much remains to be done to achieve the goal of the Paris Agreement. As it is, 2025 is also the year the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) indicated greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) should peak at the latest in order to limit global warming to 1.5°C. In October 2025, the United Nations SecretaryGeneral (UNSG), António Guterres, noted that with a paradigm shift, it is possible ‘to anticipate as much as possible to get to net zero and then to be consistently with negative net in the future’ in order for temperatures to decline. It is imperative, therefore, to take action towards this paradigm shift and accelerate implementation.
The year of 2025 also welcomes the submission of the third round of Nationally Determined Contributions, or NDCs 3.0. These revised NDCs are to be informed by the outcome of the first Global
Stocktake (GST), concluded in 2023. The aim of the GST a Party driven process with broad participation by non-Party stakeholders (NPS) is to assess the collective progress towards achieving the Paris Agreement goals, and the outcomes of this first ‘report card’ indicate that the global community is still quite shy in its efforts towards a 1.5°C resilient world.
The GST does, however, also provide a roadmap for global climate action to align itself with the 1.5°C
goal, by pointing out gaps to bridge, barriers to overcome and opportunities to replicate and scale up. The NDCs 3.0 need to ramp up ambition, then, as they may be the last opportunity to course correct. Ideally, they should also signal Party and non Party stakeholders’ vital collaboration towards implementation. The NDC Synthesis Report published in late October reviewed the information contained in 64 NDCs submitted in this new cycle.2 The report plays a critical role in informing Parties and stakeholders on progress and gaps with regard to raising ambition and accelerating implementation. The new NDCs reflect a deepening and more structured engagement of non-Party stakeholders in climate action. An increasing number of Parties are involving subnational entities, the private sector and civil society in both the design and implementation of NDCs. Notably, 95 per cent of Parties reported engagement of non-Party stakeholders in NDC implementation, 20 per cent more than in their previous NDCs. Subnational entities are increasingly involved as partners in planning, implementing and monitoring climate action, helping to embed national goals into local plans for coherent implementation. The private sector is positioned as a co-implementer and financier, contributing through innovation, partnerships and investment mobilization. Civil society and academia play vital roles in shaping inclusive policies, advancing climate justice and providing scientific expertise (UNFCCC, 2025a).

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