Environmental impacts of green open space in urban Indonesia
As the development of urban areas accelerates in developing countries, environmental problems are also increasing. Flooding is among the most common environmental issues and has become an increasingly serious concern for cities in developing countries. Floods in urban areas usually occur due to urbanization, including large-scale infrastructure development (Kim, Lee, and Sung 2016; Nur and Shrestha 2017). Rapidly growing urban settlements in developing countries are and will continue to be vulnerable to flooding. Populations and assets in flood-prone locations in the world’s urban areas are growing. Between 2003 and 2018, more than 11,000 cities in more than 200 countries suffered from large-scale flooding (Kocornik-Mina et al. 2020, Gandhi et al. 2022). The issue offlooding is being exacerbated by climate change, which alters global climate patterns and the intensity of flooding (Kleinen and Petschel-Held
2007, Douglas et al. 2008, Mirza 2011). The occurrence of flooding causes losses, forcing cities in developing countries to urgently address this serious problem. Air pollution is another common environmental issue in urban settings in developing countries. In addition to air pollution from the manufacturing and transportation sectors, another primary cause of air pollution in developing countries is the smoke caused by open burning. Air pollution from such burning occurs not only in
rural areas where agricultural waste is burned openly (Andini et al. 2018, Junpen et al.
2018), but also in urban areas where household solid waste is burned openly (Pansuk, Junpen, and Garivait 2018; Okedere et al. 2019; Krecl et al. 2020). With the high population density of urban areas, air pollution directly impacts public health. The World Health Organization estimated that increased urban air pollution in developing countries has caused more than 2 million deaths per year as well as various respiratory ailments (Cities Alliance 2007, World Health Organization 2014). Flooding and air pollution are also common problems in Indonesia. Figure 1 shows the consistency of a high number of cases of flooding in Indonesia from 2010 to Although flooding decreased relatively significantly from 2010 to 2011, the trend of flooding began rising again in 2015, reaching 1,276 recorded floods in 2019
(National Agency for Disaster Management 2021).
Temukan peta dengan kualitas terbaik untuk gambar peta indonesia lengkap dengan provinsi.
