State of climate action 2025
Halfway through the middle of what the climate community has dubbed the “decisive decade,” urgency is fading, vested interests in maintaining the status quo are playing defense as strongly as ever, and complacency is on the rise (Mishra 2024; García Santamaría et al. 2024; Ekberg et al. 2022). This past year saw a troubling backsliding of action, precisely when the world needed it most. The international solidarity that led to the Paris Agreement a decade ago has weakened, with countries facing roadblocks at the negotiating table that are stifling progress when it’s more important than ever. In many major economies, primarily those with large oil and gas reserves, entrenched fossil fuel interests continue
to exert powerful political influence, stymieing climate ambition and action (InfluenceMap 2025). Geopolitical tensions, trade wars, substantial cuts to development aid, and wealthy countries’ failure to meet existing climate finance commitments have further eroded the foundation for global cooperation on climate change. In a particularly notable development this year, the world’s second-largest emitter and largest historical emitter, the United States, has scaled back climate policies and programs, reduced the
scope of environmental agencies, and discontinued long-standing investments in climate science and
decarbonization measures (Lockman 2025; US EPA 2025). In January 2025, the United States announced
its intention to once again withdraw from the Paris Agreement (Perez and Waldholz 2025). At the same
time, a growing global backlash among corporate and political leaders against environmental, social, and
governance principles has prompted several leading corporations to retreat from their commitments, while the Net Zero Banking Alliance has seen an exodus of its members even though it has softened its targets by dropping 1.5°C-aligned lending requirements (Gayle 2025; London Business School 2025; Segal 2025b). Global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions continue to climb, intensifying climatic changes and impacts that are already more severe and widespread than anticipated. To keep the Paris Agreement temperature limit within reach, GHG emissions should already be peaking and starting a sharp decline (IPCC 2022b). But they have instead increased by roughly 0.65 gigatonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent (GtCO2e) per year since 2000, reaching 56.6 GtCO2e in 2023 (Figure ES-1), with global CO2
emissions from fossil fuels showing no signs of slowing down (Crippa et al. 2024; IEA 2024h; Friedlingstein et al. 2025). Consequently, the past 10 years have been the hottest on record, with 2024 the warmest yet (WMO 2025a). Ocean heat content also reached an all-time high (Cheng et al. 2025), with marine heatwaves unparalleled in severity, scale, and duration occurring within multiple ocean basins (Dong et al. 2025).
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