Transparency of information and public participation in energy transition
Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, the cause of the climate crisis, in the atmosphere continue to increase.
Agustiyanti (2021) refers to the International Energy Agency (IEA), in 2023, GHG emissions related to the use of fossil fuels have reached 37.4 gigatons. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)
(2023), reveals that the adverse impacts of the climate crisis have endangered the earth and all its contents. Larsen (2024) revealed that in 2019, China was the largest GHG emitter (27%), followed by the United States (11%), India (6.6%) and the European Union (6.4%). The use of fossil fuels is one of the causes of increasing GHG emissions. Related to this, there has been international pressure for countries to start making an energy transition. According to LCDI (2020), since 2010, developed countries have consistently succeeded in reducing emissions in the energy sector by 9% in 2019. On the other hand, emissions in the energy sector of developing countries, including Indonesia, tend to increase.
In fact, in the context of Indonesia, the energy transition also provides economic benefits. Farobie et al. (2022), revealed that the mandatory biodiesel policy, for example, has a significant impact on economic and social aspects. This program is projected to increase the workforce to 10,182 workers in the biodiesel industry and save foreign exchange of around US$4.46 billion by 2030.
For developing countries, including Indonesia, the energy transition requires large funding. According to
the International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA), Indonesia will need a total investment of between USD 73 billion and USD 76 billion in the energy sector until 2050 (IRENA, 2019). One of the energy transition funds that involves many developed countries is the Just Energy Transition Partnership (JETP). The JETP funding scheme for Indonesia was launched on the sidelines of the G20 Summit in Bali in 2022. JETP is led by the United States (USA) and Japan. The word ‘just’ in JETP means ‘fair’. It is hoped that the JETP scheme will pay attention to the aspect of justice. Indonesia is the second country in the world to
receive the JETP funding scheme, after South Africa at COP26. According to Apresian (2021), COP 26 also
produced a pact stating the importance of the involvement of non-state actors such as civil society, in
achieving the goals of the Paris Agreement. On representation of civil society is civil society organizations (CSOs). In Indonesia, environmental policies, including the energy transition, are often viewed solely from a technical perspective. However, the policy-making process is influenced by two factors: actors and the
discourse of the policy itself (Birkland, 2019; Haelg etal., 2020; Isaac et al., 2022; Kartodihardjo, 2023). Meanwhile, according to Hajer et al. (2020), discourse is a connection of ideas, concepts and categories whose meaning is determined to explain a phenomenon. Foucault further stated that discourse is related to the system of knowledge and power. Therefore, discourse cannot be separated from the political interests of certain parties (Freeman, 2023; Karlberg, 2005; Rogers, 2013).
Kartodiharjo (2023), revealed the influence of discourse in the policy-making process starting from
determining problems and policy solutions. The discourse used by policy-making actors will vary based
on their respective political interests. This difference also causes differences in the choice of solutions produced.
Apart from state and business actors, there are nonstate actors involved in policy-making, these actors are civil society. One representation of civil society is CSOs. According to Kalmirah et al. (2023), the CSO movement in environmental issues in Indonesia cannot be separated from the global environmental movement that developed after the Earth Conference in Rio de Janeiro in 1992.
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