Refuse-Derived Fuel (RDF)

Refuse-Derived Fuel (RDF) is a processed alternative fuel made from sorted waste, typically consisting of organic materials mixed with limited inorganic components like plastic. It is used as a substitute for coal in cement kilns, power plants (PLTU), and gasification units.Key Characteristics and Forms

• Production: RDF is typically dried and formed into pellets, flakes (fluff), or briquettes.
• Quality: High-quality RDF generally features low moisture content (<20%) and a high caloric value (>4,000 kcal/kg).
• Forms:
  • Fluff/Cacahan: Uncompressed, irregular light pieces.
  • Pellets: Small, compacted cylindrical grains.
  • Briquettes: Large, heavy, compacted blocks or cylinders.
  • RDF Mix/Blend: Combinations of different forms or biomass to meet specific energy needs.

Environmental and Regulatory Considerations

• Feedstock: While often containing plastic or residues, RDF derived from organic waste is more environmentally friendly. Proposed standards suggest a composition of 95% organic and maximum 5% inorganic material.
• Risks: Burning plastic-based RDF can increase harmful emissions, such as dioxins and furans. Regulatory oversight for emissions, particularly at PLTU facilities using RDF, remains minimal.
• Implementation: RDF is being tested and implemented in various Indonesian regions, including Cilacap, Klungkung, and Lombok Barat, to support national energy targets and reduce landfill waste.

Recommendations and Limitations

• Not a Total Solution: RDF is not a primary solution for plastic and residue management; source reduction and waste sorting are critical.
• Prerequisites: Success requires consistent source sorting, feedstock transparency, appropriate location planning, and high technical readiness standards.
• Conclusion: RDF can be part of a waste management strategy, but only if supported by sustainable policies, education, and full transparency regarding environmental health risks.

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