Artificial Intelligence for Climate Action in Developing Countries: Opportunities, Challenges and Risks
This information note is intended to serve as an accessible introduction to the relationship between artificial intelligence (AI) and climate action. The Technology Executive Committee (TEC) has prepared this publication as part of the Technology Mechanism Initiative on AI for Climate Action (#AI4ClimateAction) to provide an overview of the opportunities, risks, and challenges of using AI for climate action in developing countries, with a focus on least developed countries (LDCs) and small island developing States (SIDS). The Technology Mechanism consists of a policy arm, the TEC, and an implementation arm, the Climate Technology Centre and Network (CTCN), to advance the development and transfer of climate technologies under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and the Paris Agreement.
AI-enabled systems can support both climate change adaptation and mitigation action, ranging from early warning systems for natural disasters to optimizing agri-food production and improving the efficiency of energy systems. However, the deployment of AI can also pose challenges and risks, such as the widening of the digital divide, data security and transparency issues, reinforcing bias including gender bias, facilitating the spread of disinformation and misinformation, and increasing energy and water consumption.
This publication aims to raise awareness among policymakers and stakeholders regarding these opportunities, challenges, and risks, providing insights into how AI can be responsibly leveraged for effective climate action in developing countries.
The information note is structured as follows:
- Section 2 provides an overview of AI and machine learning as general-purpose technologies, explaining their applications in addressing climate change challenges.
- Sections 3 and 4 explore AI applications for climate change adaptation and mitigation, highlighting specific AI-driven solutions for reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and enhancing climate resilience.
- Section 5 identifies challenges and risks associated with AI.
- Section 6 examines the current state of AI under the UNFCCC, the Paris Agreement, and national technology needs assessments.
- Section 7 describes several other initiatives that are exploring the use of AI for addressing climate change challenges.
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