Climate adaptation to multi-hazard climate related risks in ten indonesian cities
“The alarming projections of global warming consequences stand in stark incommensurability with the available proposed solutions” (Russill 2008: 147) (See Map 1.). There is a consensus that climate change is one of the major threats of our time. It is expected that in the next decades, climate disasters such as typhoons, floods, sea level rises, and dry spells will be more frequent, while the disruptions in the ecosystems and water resources will jeopardize the wellbeing of local populations and lead to displacements and unrest (Nicholls et al., 2007; Glasser, 2020; IPCC, 2021). Due to its geographical condition and archipelagic nature, Indonesia is highly vulnerable to climate impacts. Sea level rise is a direct hazard to Indonesia, which is the 14th largest country in the world but has the 3rd longest coastline. Indonesia has 17,504 officially listed islands. This geographical situation increases its exposure to floods and storms. It is expected that climate change will amplify the intensity of rainfall which, in turn, will give rise to more floods (Vij et al., 2017). Soil subsidence, saline infiltration, and water scarcity contribute to the country’s vulnerability, which is further compounded by its rapid population growth and water scarcity contribute to the country’s vulnerability, which is further compounded by its rapid population growth and urbanization 1 . This situation is likely to fuel conflicts between the authorities in charge and segments of the population, especially while the poorer population and minorities are more exposed and less likely to be informed about climate disasters. Climate adaptation refers to any adjustment, whether passive, reactive, or anticipatory, that can respond to anticipated or actual consequences associated with climate change (IPCC, 1995; IPCC, 2022). The necessity of climate adaptation has been increasingly recognized both by international organizations and by research. Islands and coastal areas draw particular attention as they are becoming especially vulnerable (Nicholls et al., 2007; IPCC, 2014). It has been implicitly acknowledged that future climate-related changes had to be accommodated in policy (IPCC, 2021). In this framework, the role of local governments and cities in climate mitigation and adaptation has been progressively recognized as important (Grimmond, 2007; Oleson et al., 2015; Raven, 2011; Rosenzweig et al., 2018). Cities are considered a relevant level tier to understand the socioeconomic dynamics of the territories, to take appropriate decisions, and to protect the populations and the local ecosystems (Gaborit 2015; Wijaya et al., 2020). In this study, we approach the case of ten medium-sized cities spread across Indonesia to study their climate adaptation strategies and proposed solutions as response, and also the remaining challenges and discussion points in each of these areas. We argue that despite the high level of knowledge and the existing cooperation among the national and local stakeholders, the lack of available funding, adequate land use mechanisms, and the insufficient international commitments are currently hampering medium-sized cities in developing enough resilient adaptive mechanisms.
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Temukan peta dengan kualitas terbaik untuk gambar peta indonesia lengkap dengan provinsi.
